I have found that circumventing the steam launcher for Stardew Valley lets the game run just fine. I have made sure my internet is correctly connected I have shut down all non-essential processes I can I have verified all game caches multiple times I have made sure to run up-to-date Visual C++ and Direct X I have uninstalled steam completely and reinstalled (which has been a massive waste of time as it blew away every installed game I had.) I have restarted my system multiple times and even turned it completely off. Steam will display my account as playing the game, memory usage for the process is variable, with Stardew Valley taking a relatively large amount but a launcher for Borderlands 2 taking almost nothing.
ENDING TASK AND RETRYING DOES NOT SOLVE THE ISSUE. Sorting through the processes using the task manager I find the game running but is otherwise completely inaccessible.
As of this morning, attempting to launch any game through steam will open a 'preparing to launch game' window which completes, followed by nothing.